Giant Dreams, Midget Abilities free essay sample

David Seeders writes about his experience taking guitar lessons in Giant Dreams, Midget Ablest after his father decided that he and his younger sisters should start a family music group. However, Sedans has no desire to learn how to play guitar. His desire lies within singing jingles in the voice of Billie Holiday. Seeders desire to sing in the voice of Billie Holiday is probably closely related to his sexual orientation, being gay, and his fathers passion for Jazz music. There Is an Implication of femininity in Seeders desire to mimic Billie Holidays voice. Billie Holiday was an American Jazz singer whose career took off In the sass. Some would find It peculiar as to why any young boy would want to Imitate the voice of one who was generally regarded as one of the greatest female jazz vocalists. Seeders first introduces his homosexuality in the first essay of his book, Me Talk Pretty One Day, when he talks about the boys in his speech therapy class: None of the therapy students were girls. We will write a custom essay sample on Giant Dreams, Midget Abilities or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page They were all boys like me who kept movie star scrapbooks and made their own curtains Baking scones and cupcakes for school Janitors, watchingGulden Light with our mothers, collecting rose petals for use In a fragrant potpourri: anything worth doing turned out to be a girl thing. In order to enjoy ourselves, we learned to be duplicitous. Our stacks of Cosmopolitan were topped with an unread issue of Boys Life or Sports Illustrated (p. 9) Since society usually sees hobbies such as baking and collecting flowers as domestic and thus feminine as opposed to more masculine hobbies such as sports, Seeders kept his hobbles discreet by masking them with hobbles that were more socially acceptable for boys.In Great Dreams, Midget Abilities, Seeders eventually lets go of his fantasy of singing in the voice of Billie Holiday when his guitar teacher, Mr. . Manic, takes offense to his a chapel version of an Oscar Mayer commercial, calling him a screwball and saying he wasnt into that scene (p. 29). Seeders writes, Thats what fantasies are for: they allow you to skip the degradation and head straight to the top. Id done my solo and would now move on to pursue other equally unsuccessful ways of getting attention. Singing In the voice of Billie Holiday seemed to be one of the few waysSeeders thought he could express his feminine side comfortably. Unfortunately for him, being shot down by Manic caused him to dispose of such a dream. Seeders desire to sing like Billie Holiday can also be linked to his fathers passion for jazz music. HIS father loved Jazz music almost to the point of obsessive- compulsiveness, where hed sit down and analyze each note and the timing of the jazz songs playing on his record player, and although Seeders claims to also love jazz, it wasnt enough to convince his father. Because it was the music wed grown up tit, I liked to think that my sisters and I had a genuine appreciation of jazz.We preferred it over the music our friends were listening to, yet nothing we did or said could convince my father of our devotion, (p. 17) writes Seeders. Singing like Billie Holiday might have been a way for Seeders to be closer to his father, or at least allow controversy about homosexuals, Seeders probably wasnt open about his sexuality with his father, thus not feeling close to him. In singing in the style of Billie Holiday, one could assume that it could be appreciated by any lover of Jazz, such as Seeders father.

Environmental and Competitive Analysis of Easyjet Essay Essays

Environmental and Competitive Analysis of Easyjet Essay Essays Environmental and Competitive Analysis of Easyjet Essay Essay Environmental and Competitive Analysis of Easyjet Essay Essay Essay Topic: Easy This study has been written in order to supply an environmental and competitory analysis of the low-priced air hose industry sector from the place of Easyjet. It will give a brief history into Easyjet and the low-priced air hose industry. It will analyze the internal strengths and failings every bit good as the external menaces and chances. Rivals will be analysed through the usage of porters 5 forces theoretical account. Recommendations will be made for EasyJet’s selling schemes for the following three old ages. Corporate History Easyjet was founded in 1995 by Stelios Haji-Ioannou who based the house around the low-cost. no-frills theoretical account of the US flight operator ‘Southwest’ . The construct of Easyjet is based on the fact that short flights within Europe are monetary value elastic. intending the lower the monetary values the more people will go within Europe. The deregulating of the European air hose industry in 1992 authorised any European air hose to run. fly and land anyplace within Europe. This allowed air hoses to spread out paths and run within Europe with much higher preciseness. Easyjet was ab initio started from its ‘hanger’ central office at Luton airdrome with two Boeing 737-300’s offering flights from London Luton to Glasgow and Edinburgh at a monetary value of ?29 each manner. To day of the month easyJet has now expanded into offering 125 paths from 39 major European airdromes utilizing their fleet of 122 airplanes. EasyJet has besides expanded into holding big footing at non merely Luton airdrome but besides Liverpool. Geneva. and AmsterdamBack in 1999 easyJet gained free mass exposure to an audience of around 9 million viewing audiences through ITV’s ‘fly on the wall’ documental series ‘Airline’ . The launch of easyjet. com in 1997 has become an built-in portion of the concern theoretical account and has seen a immense alteration in the civilization of booking travel tickets. Presently easyJet. com provides around 90 % of engagements today and in 2001 hit ten million gross revenues doing it the 2nd busiest travel web site in the UK. Ryanair and easyJet are in ferocious competition with each other as they are the two largest low-priced air hoses runing within the UK. Since easyJet’s coup detat of the low-priced air hose â€Å"Go† in 2002 it has become Europe’s largest air hose in this sector but still faces ferocious competition. EasyJet Mission StatementA mission statement should be the ultimate end of a house and should filtrate down into every section of an administration. To supply our clients with safe. good value. point-to-point air services. To consequence and to offer a consistent and dependable merchandise and menus appealing to leisure and concern markets on a scope of European paths. To accomplish this we will develop our people and set up permanent relationships with our providers. ( hypertext transfer protocol: //easyjet. com/EN/About/index. hypertext markup language ) EasyJet’s environmental codification based on three pointsTo be environmentally efficient in the airTo be environmentally efficient on the groundTo lead in determining a greener hereafter for air power. for illustration: C offsetting- defining hereafter aircraft design- for illustration. the ecoJeteasyJet high efficiency = lower emanations = low faresSWOT AnalysisA SWOT analysis analyses the internal Strengths and Weaknesses of easyJet along with the external Threats and Opportunities. StrengthsWell known. respected and memorable trade name nameStrong and good known leading figure in Stelios: â€Å"No Bullshit† approachMotivated work force independently trained at the easyJet academyVery effectual advertisement schemes developed to reenforce the easyJet trade name along with mass exposure through ITV’s ‘Airport’Good cognition of the market and effectual responses to rivals trying to steal possible customersFly to a big figure of chief vacation destinationsLower C emanations due to utilizing newer fleet of aircraftCost decrease with the remotion of travel agentsHigh rider volumeLow runing costsDiversification into other markets. auto lease. cyberspace coffeehouse and hotelsFlat managerial hierarchy. therefore cut downing costsInnovator with respects to online engagement and ticket-less travelWeaknessesFly merely within Europe and no current purposes to spread out outside of the continentRely on computing machine engagements to such extent that concern would be unable to run with computing machine failure or virus onslaught. No client retention/relationship policy. No points strategy to honor frequent flyersAccess to European airdromes allowed by the deregulating of the industry. which may change in the futureOutsources many of its services to 3rd parties which may be damaging to its reputationSuccess of Easyjet makes it hard and expensive to develop staff rapidly plenty. OpportunitiesLower costs furtherIncrease faresIntroduction of more states into the European Union has increased possible clients and flight destinationsExpand into new paths. outside of Europe. and long haulDecrease bend around timesImprove aircraft utilisationVertical integrating to extinguish outsourced maps of easyJet’s procedureGain foremost mover advantage with respects to utilizing alternate ‘greener’ fuel cellsIntroduction of points strategy to honor and retain frequent flyersThreatsRising fuel monetary values Introduction of a C emanation revenue enhancement or other environmental regulationsNew emerging competitionCompetitors underselling monetary values or offering similar monetary values for a more efficient/better serviceAircraft care problemsTerrorism cut downing air travel numbersEmerging alternate manners of transportReputation lost in event of good publicised incidentDelaysPEST AnalysisA PEST analysis analyses the Political. Economic. Socio-Cultural and Technological factor act uponing the low-priced air hose industry. Political FactorsThreat of terrorist act upon airlinesGovernments using revenue enhancements upon C emissionsIntroduction of more states into the European unionEconomic FactorsIncreasing fuel costs and other environmental restrictionsEuropean Union regulationsProspect of higher security and insurance costs due to the increased hazard of terrorist act. Continuing growing of air travel through go oning globalisationIntroduction of the Euro individual currency is likely to incorporate Europe even moreSocio-Cultural FactorsTravel and vacations are going more and more typical for a big per centum of the UK populationContinuing growing of multi-national endeavors has caused concern travel to go more commonGaining clients from France and Germany may do jobs as these states are still really loath in utilizing recognition cards over the phone and on the internetTechnological FactorsAdvancements in e-commerce resulting in increased online competitionImprovements in engine engineering will let easyJet’s planes to run more expeditiously and cut down emissionsIncreases in fuel engineering offering easyJet alternate fuel beginnings Porter’s 5 forces theoretical account Porter’s 5 forces theoretical account looks at: the menace of replacements. the menace of new entrants. the power of providers. the power of purchasers and the competition among bing houses to analyze the fight within a certain industry. The menace of substitutesFairly low menace from other manners of conveyance as the cost and clip advantage clearly separates the low cost air hoses from the luxury and comfort offered from replacements such as high velocity train services. For illustration London to Glasgow takes 6 hours on a train and costs around ?80 whereas Easyjet offers the service in 1 hr merely bing ?29. Regarding travel into mainland Europe the distance is far excessively great for train. auto and ferry travel to be a realistic worthwhile replacement. For illustration if a client was to drive to the South of France for a short weekend break the travel would take excessively long for it to be realistic and practical trip. The menace of new entrantsLimited capacity at suited airdromes means any new air hose would happen it difficult to happen suited take off and set downing slots. Huge start up capital required for the purchase of aircraftNew entrants would be working as a ‘loss leader’ for a figure of old ages due to the big initial expensesThe low cost air hose industry within the UK is reasonably mature but as easyJet were one of the initial houses into this industry they hold a strong place. However within the remainder of Europe there are many vacation operators who are trying to come in the low cost air hose industry themselves. The power of providers The monetary value of fuel is straight related to the cost of oil which is of all time increasing. Easyjet rely on being able to obtain fuel but have no control over the monetary value. Aircraft industries are highly concentrated within the industry with Boeing and Airbus the two chief industries. The dependance of trim parts from a certain industries could present a hazard. The more Easyjet expands the more power it will keep over its providers through deriving ‘economies of scale’ . The power of buyersBuyer power within the air hose industry. particularly the low cost sector is particularly strong as clients frequently shop about and seek to happen the best monetary value. This factor has been extended through the debut of many on-line flight hunt engines such as travelsupermarket. com and lastminute. com. The Civil air power authorization ( CAA ) provides protection against ( 1 ) the effects of travel organizers failure for people who buy bundle vacations. charter flights and discounted scheduled air tickets and ( 2 ) licenses air hoses and ensures conformity with demands of European and UK statute law associating to fiscal resources. liability and insurance of air hoses. Customers experience no negative characteristic of exchanging provider so are happy to make so. Rivalry among bing firmsRyan Air. BMI babe. MyTravelite. Jet2 and Buzz are all rivals with the UK low cost air hose industry but Ryan Air is the lone one of these to hold succeeded and shown a continuously annual net income. British Airways and other traditional flight operators winging from the UK are rivals but on a much lower panic as they are aiming different market segmentsThere are over one hundred European based low cost air hoses. many of them are really little but still move as competition for easyJet. Different Types of competitorsSimilar specific – same merchandise. engineering and mark marketSimilar general – Same merchandise country but functioning different segmentsDifferent specific – Same need satisfied by really different meansDifferent general – Competing for discretional spend ( Brassington. pg 866 ) In relation to Easyjet the similar specific rivals are the other ‘no-frills’ low cost air hoses. runing within Europe. The largest house that fits this specification is Ryan Air therefore they are easyJet’s premier rival. Other ‘no-frills’ low cost air hoses runing within the UK include Jet2. bmibaby and Flybe. The similar general rivals are other air hoses that operate within Europe but which are aiming a different type of patronage. Within the UK the largest operators are British Airways and Virgin but both of these operators tend to concentrate on the more upper category expensive concern flights. They are besides non in direct competition with Easyjet as they offer flights all over the universe and are non restricted to merely within Europe. The different specific rivals are houses which offer travel into Europe by means other than air travel. This would be the channel tunnel operator Euro tunnel and the English channel ferry operators such as P A ; O. Brittany or Stena Line. These are non in direct competition as the chief distinction is that on both the channel tunnel and the ferry traversing people can take their autos onboard. It is besides a much longer procedure so unless sing the west seashore of France weekend interruptions would look instead pointless as the continuance of the ferry would be excessively long. Different general rivals could be houses offering vacations and trips within the UK where no air travel is needed at all. Different general rivals could besides be houses providing other luxury points that may be bought alternatively of a vacation. such as a new auto. Competitor analysisAs the scope of competition throughout these groups ( above ) . is at changing strengths the similar particular and similar general groups will be broken down into four sections for easiness of analysis. Competition will be analysed through a rival analysis. Who are our rivals? Segment 1Ryanair: Easyjet’s direct competitorsSegment 2Other UK based low-cost air hoses: Jet2. flybe. bmibaby. Segment 3Standard UK based air hoses: British Airways. Virgin Atlantic. KLM and BMISegment 4European based low-cost air hoses: There are over 100 European low cost air hoses such as: Condor. g’wings. SkyEurope and Blu Express. AssumptionsIt is inevitable that the uninterrupted growing in the low cost air hose industry will get down to decelerate down as the industry is becomes saturated. It is believed that the current mass of operators will be whittled down to a smattering of major air hoses. A big figure of the smaller low cost air hoses that will inescapably fight to vie will be involved in take-overs leting the bigger participants in the industry to go on to turn. What are our competitor’s strengths and failings? RyanAir StrengthsWell known and respected trade name nameLow costs due to low airdrome chargesHigh cyberspace booking ratioHigh aircraft utilisationUse individual type of aircraftFast bend around timesHigh place densityRyanAir WeaknessesRecent studies of hapless client serviceNegative pressAirports are frequently long distance from travelers end destinationUK based low cost air hose StrengthsAll have their ain web site for engagements and ticket-less travelSome have strong fiscal backingFast turnaround timeLow runing costsUK based low cost air hose WeaknessesRelatively little in comparing to easyJet and RyanAirLarge publicizing costsSmall web of routesCompeting in competitory industry ensuing in many amalgamations and take-oversRestricted to the usage of certain airportsStandard UK based air hoses StrengthsRespected and good known trade name names Worldwide serviceStrong fiscal backingRespected criterion of serviceStandard UK based air hoses WeaknessesLow aircraft use ( compared to easyJet ) High costsHigh pricesEuropean low-priced air hose StrengthsUse of individual currency ( Euro ) can cut down costsCloser to emerging markets ( Eastern Europe ) Low costsWell know trade name names. in their respected place countriesEuropean low-priced air hose WeaknessesRelatively little compared to easyJet and RyanAirVirtually unknown in the UKCompeting in fierce industryRestricted usage of certain airportsWhat are our competitor’s aims? RyanAir – â€Å"RyanAir’s aim is to firmly set up itself as Europe’s taking low-fares scheduled rider air hose through continued betterments and expanded offerings of its low-fares service. RyanAir purposes to offer low menus that generate increased rider traffic while keeping a uninterrupted focal point on cost-containment and operating efficiencies. † ( Ryanair. com ) UK based low cost air hoses – Initially the UK based low cost air hoses aims are to last in the industry by increasing their market portion. The inevitable impregnation of the market will do many of the smaller low cost air hoses to be merged or taken over by the larger participants. In order to avoid this smaller low cost air hoses need to distinguish themselves from the crowd or derive a alone merchandising point through lower costs. first-class client services or working new paths. Standard UK based air hoses – Aim to go on their laterality of flights in and out of the UK by underscoring the quality of the service they provide. They besides plan to cut down monetary values in order to shorten the spread between themselves and the low cost air hoses. European bases low cost air hoses – European low cost air hoses need to last in the market by increasing their market portion. This could be established by increasing their web paths or ramifying into un-targeted states within Europe. It is besides plausible that amalgamations will happen within this sector to cut down the hazard of failure. RecommendationsEasyJet can non avoid the increasing oil and gasoline monetary values which is bound to consequence the industry sooner instead than subsequently. It may be recommended that easyJet start looking into utilizing alternate renewable fuel beginnings. If easyJet can acquire clasp of the engineering to run their fleet of planes on a ‘greener’ fuel they may derive first mover advantage and gaining control big sums of the competitions clients. Over the following three old ages it would be recommended that easyJet focal point on ‘joining the dots’ of their European web instead than trying long haul flights as this would be hard and would transport a big initial hazard. If easyJet could ‘join the dots’ in their European web it would contend off the competition from the emerging low cost air hoses trying to turn within the industry. Decision In decision easyJet have built a strong trade name which has positioned them in an first-class topographic point within the low cost sector of the air hose industry. With this sector of the industry predicted to turn. competition is likely to escalate even more but as easyJet has already built a strong trade name and client base it is improbable they will be forced out of the market. EasyJet need to go on its advertisement schemes. reenforcing its image and trade name name to go on as one of the industries taking air hoses. As the UK market is saturated and offers little or no growing chance. it would be logical for easyJet to concentrate on the enlargement of their path webs within Eastern Europe. EasyJet should carry through this through supplying the paths themselves or unifying with a rival that already does. Reference List Bird’s oculus position. SWOT analysis of low cost bearer industry ( April 2007 ) hypertext transfer protocol: //www. air-scoop. com/downloads/SWOT_Low-Cost-Carriers_Air-Scoop. pdf [ 7-12-2007 ] Blythe. J ( 2006 ) Principles and Practice of Marketing. Thompson Learning. Bedford Row. LondonBrassington. F. Petit. S. ( 2003 ) Principles of Marketing. page Pearson Education. Harlow. EssexChannel 4 intelligence. How green is easyJet? ( May 2007 ) hypertext transfer protocol: //www. channel4. com/news/articles/society/environment/factcheck+how+green+is+easyjet/509642 [ 20-11-2007 ] Crawford. C. Easyjet SWOT Analysis ( 2004 ) hypertext transfer protocol: //www. marketingprofs. com/ea/qst_question. asp? qstID=3412 [ 25-11-2007 ] Hoffmann. J. Ryan Air – Environmental Analysis. Discussion of nucleus competences and Strategy Proposal ( 2004 ) hypertext transfer protocol: //www. smile. com/en/preview/39017. html [ 25-11-2007 ] Manzoor. M. Easyjet ( 2005 ) hypertext transfer protocol : //www. marketingprofs. com/ea/qst_question. asp? qstID=9339

This is a media analysis assessment (report format). The assessment Assignment

This is a media analysis assessment (report format). The assessment topic will be sent by file .pdf - Assignment Example The country produces readily available fresh produce with most of the population residing along areas near or at the coast, such areas posses popular fish and seafood cuisines, in contrast with the other temperate regions of Australia that eat foods according to the season such as rhubarb, zucchini and asparagus commonly eaten during spring. For example Tetsuya restaurant rated as one of Australias best restaurant’s provides a difusion of Asian and western cuisines based on both Japanese and French preparation techniques served in its Japanese garden setting. In addition restaurants like Lagoon Seafood restaurant provide unforgettable seafood dining experienced of fresh sea foods like prawn and Queensland’s crabs. Australia has the third largest fishing zone in the world with plentiful access to seafood’s such as prawn, salmon, lobster and tuna and 60 other species. The Australian cuisine contains seafood varieties such as King George whiting, Jew fish and yabby. Fish and chips consisting of deep fried fish and chips are yet another popular fast food that originated from the United Kingdom and continues to remain popular. On top of seafood cuisines, tourists have the luxury of enjoying aqua marine based sports such as fish sporting of the Barramundi specie and Flathead fish that are popular sports and table fish all over Australia. Australias wine industry ranks as the fourth top global wine exporter contributing 760 million liters’ of wine to the global industry, every state in Australia produces wine mainly in the southern parts of the country like New South Wales, Victoria and Western Australia. Famous wine districts like Hunter Valley with producers like Rosemount and Lindemans attracting local and international tourists in addition, beer is also popular with prominent brands like Fosters which is commanding global

Literature Review on Learning Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Literature Review on Learning - Dissertation Example It has been estimated that around 1 billion people around the world use English everyday (Crystal, 1996). These same individuals would be speaking or writing the language in a wide variety of settings such as the business world or the academe. Such a scenario reinforces the fact that teaching English can be a very daunting task. Prospective teachers must not only deal with the sheer complexity of the language itself but also due to its global nature, the differences in each pupil’s capabilities and learning preferences that are becoming broader. Over the years, various scholars of different nationalities have attempted to formulate their own methods to improve instruction in a native language or to introduce a second language. A careful study and comparison of their works especially the researches on improving English instruction, may aid in the formulation of a successful teaching program.James Asher (1966) was known for his studies which became known as the Total Physical Response experiments. This proceeded with students listening to commands being given in a specific target language, where the whole class including the instructor, would immediately respond by performing the appropriate physical action. When these commands become familiar, the teacher would remain seated and only the students will continue responding to the given commands. Sometimes, a few unfamiliar utterances may also be given. Verbal responses by the students would only be initiated when the students feel they are ready. Many of the grammatical featur es in a language can be introduced through this method with almost any grammatical constituent being able to get taught.

Maritime Environmental Issues Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Maritime Environmental Issues - Essay Example El Nino is characterized by extended differences on surface temperatures in Pacific Ocean compared to the average temperature value. It is a cooling or warming of at least 0.9 0F or 0.5 0C in average over east central of tropical Pacific Ocean (Philander1990). In general, the anomaly takes place at an interval of between 3 to 7 years regularly and lasts for between nine months and two years. This anomaly is characterized by events such as: rise in pressures in the surface over Australia, Indonesia, and Indian Ocean; a fall in atmospheric pressure over the eastern and central Pacific Ocean and Tahiti; arising warm air near Peru which usually causes rains in the deserts of northern Peruvian; weakening trade winds in Pacific; and spreading warm water from the west Pacific to the east Pacific and Indian Ocean. This causes extensive drought in west Pacific and rain to the eastern Pacific which is normally dry (Hayes 1991). El Nino is often characterized by warm temperatures, this is becau se of its warm rush of the tropical water that is poor in nutrients and is majorly heated by its tendency of eastern passage through the equatorial current where it displaces the cold water on the surface of the Humboldt Current which is rich in nutrients (McPhaden 1993. In cases where El Nino conditions and/ or episodes lasts for quite long, then the reduction in the trade winds in the east and the extensive warming of the ocean limits the nutrient rich cold deep water together with its economic effects to the local fishing for the international market (Lee 2000). These quasi periodic patterns of climate are experienced across tropical Pacific Ocean approximately after every 5 years. The anomaly phenomenon takes place due to the Southern Oscillation which varies the air pressure of the surface water in the western Pacific and the temperatures of water surface in the eastern Pacific Ocean (Brown 1986). It is the extremes of the oscillations that results into the anomalies of the wea ther conditions in many parts of the world. Those developing countries that boarder Pacific Ocean are widely affected. The phenomenon that characterizes El Nino with unusual warm temperatures of the surface of the ocean in the eastern and central tropical Pacific and unusual cool temperatures of the surface water of the ocean in the central and eastern tropical Pacific, results from the strong circulation of the air in the tropics. This oscillation is famous for influencing climate patterns and weather around the globe (Roberts 1993). Observations have been made on the occurrence of the events resulting from La Nina and El Nino. There is a drift towards the cool neutral side in relation to the sub surface and surface of the temperatures of the ocean along side various changes in the circulation of atmosphere (Dietrich 1999). These changes have indicated a drastic movement in the odds of La Nina that forms in the forthcoming period. This has resulted into uncertainty and the need for close monitoring for any particular signs of future developments. Today, El Nino has been characterized by oscillation of the atmosphere system of the ocean in the tropical Pacific which poses very significant consequences on the weather and climate around the globe. These consequences include high rainfall in Peru and the southern tier of the Unites States, drought and destructive flooding in West Pacific, and in some cases associated with distressing bush fires in Australia (Herpes 2001). El Nino results into warmer winters

Role of Research Design in Socio-Legal Research

Role of Research Design in Socio-Legal Research Mr. Satish C. Shinde Introduction Research is an organized, systematic and logical process of inquiry, using empirical information to answer questions or test hypotheses.[i] Research in common parlance refers to a search for knowledge.[ii] Research is a systematic and chronological effort of finding out a more appropriate solution to a common social problem.[iii] Research helps to push the frontiers of knowledge beyond horizon.[iv] The concept of research is thus closely linked with human endeavor for better understanding of his evolution, environment and growth through diverse stages of human history.[v] In a research, the most important being that the research problem should be researchable as well as manageable.[vi] All research is the collection of evidence or information for ascertaining an assumption or verifying some hypothesis. Research is a systemic attempt to push back the bonds of comprehension and seek beyond the horizons of our knowledge, some truth or some reality.[vii] The research is a critical and ex haustive investigation or experimentation having as its aims the revision of accepted conclusions in the light of newly discovered facts. In simple words, the research is any inquiry or search for fact or truth. Investigation of every kind which is based on original sources of knowledge may be said as research. Research is possible through observation of new facts and by the formulation of new thoughts and ideas.[viii] The aim or research is to find out the truth which is hidden and which has not been discovered so far. The purpose of research is to discover answers to questions by testing a hypothesis of a cause-effect relationship between variables through the application of scientific procedures. One of the objectives of research is to gain familiarity with a phenomenon or to achieve new insights to it.[ix] Research has become an integral part, not only of academic pursuits, but of all the areas of human activity.[x] Every field and every educational innovation is bolstered by re search and innovation.[xi] Although research activities are primarily conducted by the government, university, industry or railway, the government is the main body which plans research in a country, finds funds for it and enables utilization of the results for the betterment of society.[xii] Thus, the term ‘Research’ refers to a critical, careful and exhaustive investigation or inquiry or experimentation or examination having as its aim the revision of accepted conclusions, in the light of newly discovered facts.[xiii] The nature and content of research can barely be grasped without an appreciation of the method, we designate as scientific. Research, simply stated, is an endeavour to arrive at answers to intellectual and practical problems through the application of scientific methods to the knowable universe.[xiv] Method is the way of doing something methodology is the science or study of particular subject. The concept of the research methodology is much wider. The method a researcher follows in pursuing a research is research methodology.[xv] A system of models, procedures and techniques used to find the results of a research problem is called research methodology.[xvi] Research methodology is a systematised investigation to gain new knowledge about the phenomena or problems. But in its wider sense methodology, includes the philosophy and practice of the whole research process. It provides standards which the researchers use for integrating data and reaching conclusions.[xvii] Legal phenomena re quires their own research methodology. Such research methodology may be applicable to subjects of International or Muncipal laws, evaluation of Acts of different countries, implementation and consequences of Codes and Acts of different nations. The methodology of legal studies involves their own rules, interpretations and criteria for admissible explanations as well as research designs, data collecting techniques and data processing routines. The systematic investigation of problems and of matters concerned with law such as Codes, Acts, Constitutions, etc is legal research. Judges, Lawyers, Law Commissions and Researchers constantly do research in law. They do make systematic research into the social, political and other fact conditions which give rise to the individual rules, acts or codes.[xviii] Research may be pursued to obtain better knowledge and understanding of any problem of law, legal institutions in society, legal doctrines, legal philosophy, legal history, comparative st udy of law, or any system of positive law-International or Muncipal.[xix] Law is an instrument of social control. It originates and functions in a society and for society. In a planned development of the society, law is playing the role of a catalyst to help in the process of social change. Co-operative inter disciplinary research is required to deal with the socio-legal problems as socio-legal research is all interdisciplinary approach which extends into the fields of an social sciences. Upendra Baxi says that, the lawyer must know much of sociology and the sociologist must know much of law.[xx] Major Steps in Legal Research The following are the major steps in doing legal research: Formulation of Problem, Formulation of Hypothesis, Analysis of Concepts, Research Design, Collection of Data, Data Analysis, Conclusions or Generalizations, and Reporting.[xxi] The Role of Research Design in Socio-Legal Research: A research design is the conceptual structure within which research is conducted. It is the blueprint for the collection, measurement and analysis of data.[xxii] A research design is a plan comprising the researcher’s decisions about the procedures of sampling, data collection and analysis of data in respect of a given study, which aims to fulfill the objects of the study. The process of working out a research design involves, making designs about the techniques to be employed for collection of relevant data, the safeguards to be employed to safeguard the validity, reliability and precision, the mode of drawing the sample, analyzing the data, interpreting the results. Through designing the research, the investigator achieves his research objective with the economy of amount, time and energy.[xxiii] Meaning of Research Design: Research design means the exact nature of the research work in a systematic manner. It involves the information about the research work in view of, framework of study, availability of various data, observations, analysis, sampling, etc. Research design includes the structure of research work.[xxiv] To design is to plan, that is , designing is the process of making decisions before the situation arises in which the decision has to be carried out. Designing is thus a process of deliberate anticipation directed towards bringing an expected situation under control. The socio-legal research guided either by desire to gain knowledge or by an urgency to solve a problem scientifically, works out a plan of study. While conducting inquiry one may anticipate various difficulties that may have to be encountered in the course of study and decide what to do under such circumstances. He records his decisions in advance. This type of logical and systematic planning to direct the research is called a research design. Research Design has been defined by different authors in different terms. They are as follows: According to Pauline V. Young, Research design is a plan of action, a plan for collecting and analyzing the data in an economic, efficient and relevant manner. According to Miller, Design research is the planned sequence of the entire process involved in conducting a research study. Thus, research design refers to the entire process of planning and carrying out a research study. It is a frame within which research is carried out and it is a blue print for the collection, measurement and analysis of data.[xxv] Objects of Research Design: For a systematic and logical study To remove problems encountered in research To clearly described the direction of research study To discover the solution to the research problem To get funds To rises the reliability of measurements.[xxvi] Idealised or Good Research Design: A good research design eliminates confounding of variables or kept it to a minimum so the results can be interpreted separately.[xxvii] After formulation of research problem, the researcher is in a position to consider how he will work out to solve the problem. The procedure that the researcher would have liked to adopt for solving a problem if he was completely unrestricted by practical exigencies and limitations is the idealized research design. The idealized research design comprises the specifications of the most efficient conceivable conditions and procedures for conducting the research. The step of designing an idealized plan might seem very impracticable and even an unnecessary one. The researcher may be inclined to follow the ideal procedures to evaluate the practical research conditions and determine the shortcomings. An idealized design should maintain a balance between scientificity, sufficiency, and economy. The making of a research design is a science as well as an art.[ xxviii] Parts of Research Design: The researcher has to translate the idealized research model into a practical one. The practical research design may be conceived of as comprising the following four phases: The Sampling Design: which deals with the method of selecting the subjects to be observed for the given study. The Observational Design: which relates to the conditions under which the observations are to be made or the data are to be secured. The Statistical Design: which deals with the question of how many subjects are to be observed and how the observations are to be organized with a view to securing answer to the research problems. The Operational Design: which deals with the specific techniques by which the procedures specified in the sampling, statistical and observational design can be carried out.[xxix] Contents or Important Features of a Research Design: Generally, a research design includes the following points: Title of the topic and determination of its scope; Background knowledge and introduction of the problem; Nature of study descriptive, explanatory or experimental; Description of short-term and long-term objectives; Awareness regarding context; Making of hypothesis and using of appropriate concepts and variables; Appropriate time-schedule for research; Basis of data collection and appropriate tools and techniques; Analysis and interpretation of data collected, along with decision regarding the problem of generality and validity; and Nature and amount of resources at ones disposal.[xxx] Components or Steps or Procedure of a Research Design: A research design is not a highly specific plan to be followed without deviation, but rather a series of guide posts to keep one headed in the right direction. It is tentative. As the study progresses, new aspects, new conditions and new connecting links in the data come to light and it is necessary to change the plan as circumstances demand. The most meaningful and revealing studies are those that are connected from a definite point of view. According to Pauline V. Young , A study design includes the following components parts which are inter-dependent and not mutually exclusive: Source of information i) documentary sources ii) personal sources iii) library sources, Nature of study, Objectives of study, Socio-cultural context of study, Geographical area to be covered by the study, Period of time to be encompassed, (Socio-temporal context) Dimensions of study and sampling procedures, The basis for selecting the data, Definition of terms, Working or exploratory hypothesis, and Techniques of study.[xxxi] Characteristics of a Good Research Design: Every design has its own strengths and limitations and at the same time there is no such thing as a single correct design.[xxxii] A good research design should satisfy the following four conditions: objectivity, reliability, validity and generalizability of the findings. Objectivity: The objectivity of the findings pertains to the methods of collection of data and scoring of the responses. The objectivity of the procedure may be judged by the degree of agreement between the final scores assigned to different individuals by more than one observer. Any research design should permit the use of measuring instruments which are fairly objective in which every observer seeing a performance, arrives at precisely the same report. This ensures the objectivity of the collected data will be used for the analysis, inferences and generalizations. Reliability: Reliability refers to consistency throughout a series of measurement. That is to say, if a respondent gives out a response to a particular item, he is expected to give the same response to that item whenever he is asked subsequently. There are different methods in determining the reliability of the responses given out by a respondent. Some of these methods are using check item, administering the same test repeatedly; using a series of parallel form, etc. Validity: Any measuring instrument is said to be valid when it measures what it purports to measure. There are a good number of procedures for establishing the validity of test. Some of such procedures are validating the present data against a concurrent criterion or a future criterion or a theory, etc. Generalization: Generalizability represents the valid application of the findings of the sample to the population. In other words, with how much authority and confidence, an investigator can say the same findings will be obtained even though the data is collected from the total population from which the sample is selected. A good research design should ensure that (i) the measuring instruments can yield objective reliable and valid data, (ii) the required size of the sample is collected, (iii) the appropriate statistical analysis has been employed, and (iv) the findings of the present study can be generalized. [xxxiii] Significance of or Need for Research Design: Research design is a must for any research problem since it helps to carry out the various research operations very smoothly, thereby making research as efficient as possible by giving maximum information by economizing or minimizing time, energy and cost. Research design stands for advancing planning of the methods to be adopted for collecting the relevant data and the techniques to be used in their analysis; keeping in view of the objective of research and the availability of time, physical and financial resources. Research design helps to know how much inaccuracy his method of research will produce. Then the researcher decides whether the method is suitable to the required accuracy in order to be useful.[xxxiv] Research design tells the investigator what to observe, whom to observe, how to observe, why to observe, how to record the observations, how to analyze the observations? What inferences can be drawn?[xxxv] Thus, research design provides a particular direction to the researc h work.[xxxvi] No researcher can disregard and overlook the significance of research design.[xxxvii] Types of Research Designs: Research design differs depending on the research purpose. The research purpose may be grouped under the following four categories: Exploratory or Formulative studies: To gain familiarity with the phenomena or to achieve new insight into it often to develop hypothesis. Descriptive studies: To portray accurately the characteristics of a particular situation or group of individuals. Diagnostic studies: To determine the frequency with which something occurs or with which it is associated with something else. Experimental studies: To test a hypothesis suggesting a causal relationship between variables.[xxxviii] Conclusion Research is a complex process as well as an important plan. The word Research means to search again and again and it is composed of two words- Re +Search, where Re-means again and again and Search –means to find out something. After deciding and explaining the problem, comes designing. Research design is a systematic way of doing research. It helps the researcher to avid the deviation. Also it helps to minimize time and money and remove any errors and omissions. [i]*Author is an Assistant Professor at A. K. K. New Law Academy, Azam Campus, Camp, Pune Keith F Punch, Developing Effective Research Proposals, Reprint 2000, SAGE Publications, New Delhi-110048, p 7 [ii] C. R. Kothari, Research Methodology, Methods and Techniques, Revised Second Edition, New Age International (p) Ltd Publishers, New Delhi-110002, p 1 [iii] L.N. Koli, Research Methodology, Y K Publishers, Agra-282002, p 1. [iv] Dr. R. Cauvery, Dr. U.K. Sudha Nayak, Dr. M. Girija, Dr. R. Meenakshi, Research Methodology, Reprint 2009, S Chand and Company Ltd., New Delhi-110055, p 1 [v] Arunima Kumari, An Introduction to Research Methodology, First Edition 2008, Agrotech Publishing Academy, Udaipur-313002, p 24 [vi] R. Jayaprakash Reddy, Research Methodology, A P H Publishing Corporation, New Delhi-110002, p 16 [vii] Dr. S.R. Myneni, LEGAL RESEARCH METHODOLOGY, Reprint 2009, Allahabad Law Agency, Faridabad (Haryana), p 13 [viii] Supra note 7, p 14 [ix] Supra note 7, p 15 [x]Santosh Gupta, Research Methodology and Statistical Techniques, Deep and Deep Publications Pvt. Ltd, New Delhi-110027, preface xi. [xi] K.K. Garg, Research Methodology, First Edition 2006, Omega Publications, New Delhi-110002, p 2 [xii] G.R. Basotis, K. K. Sharma, Research Methodology, Edition 2002, Mangal Deep Publications, Jaipur-302016, p 1 [xiii] P. Saravanvel, Research Methodology, Reprint Edition 2006, Published by Kitab Mahal, Allahabad-211001, p 1 [xiv] P.L. Bhandarkar, T.S. Wilkinson, Methodology and Techniques of Social Research, Edition 2010, Himalaya Publishing House, Mumbai-400004, p 1 [xv] Supra note 7, p 15 [xvi] R. Panneerselvam, Research Methodology, Prentice Hall of India Pvt. Ltd, New Delhi-110001, p 2 [xvii] Supra note 7, p 15 [xviii] Supra note 7, p 16 [xix] Supra note 7, p 17 [xx] Supra note 7, p 17, 18 [xxi] Supra note 7, p 78-81 [xxii] Supra note 5, p 45 [xxiii] Supra note 7, p 79 [xxiv] V.V. Khanzode, Research Methodology, A P H Publishing Corporation, New Delhi-110002, p 27 [xxv] Supra note 7, p 99-100 [xxvi] Sanjay Narula, Research Methodology, First Ed. 2007, Murari Lal Sons, New Delhi- 110002, P 92. [xxvii] K. Chakraworthy, Research Methodology, Sumit Enterprises, New Delhi-110002, p 20 [xxviii] Supra note 7, p 100 [xxix] Supra note 7, p 100 [xxx] Supra note 7, p 101, 102 [xxxi] Supra note 7, p 102, 103 [xxxii] Supra note 13, p 161 [xxxiii] Supra note 7, p 106, 107 [xxxiv] Supra note 7, p 107 [xxxv] Supra note 4, p 50 [xxxvi] Supra note 3, p 23 [xxxvii] Dr. J. A. Khan, Research Methodology, A P H Publishing Corporation, New Delhi-110002, p 69 [xxxviii] Supra note 7, p 107,108

Symbolic Interactionism Essay -- Sociological Perspective Sociology Es

Symbolic Interactionism   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  On the surface, sociology is the study of society and human behavior; yet looking deeper, it is the study of humans in groups and how they interact with one another. Sociologists look at these groups by means of the sociological perspective. This involves looking at a certain behavior like it has never been looked at it before. When done right one can come to a deeper level of understanding about behavior.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Using your sociological imagination you are able conceptualize how a person’s macro level, which consists of the larger aspects of life such as family and government, and their micro level, (which is the individual itself) combine in order form the person they are. Using my sociological imagination I decided to observe the library through the use of symbolic interactionism, one of four sociological perspectives. The others included are the conflict theory, ethno methodology, feminism and structural functionalist.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Symbolic interactionism tends to observe things by paying full attention to the micro level of sociology. Instead of focusing on broader aspects you look at things depending upon the individual and their interactions in society. Through the use of symbols we are able to assign meaning to people and things and then develop our own interpretations of those symbols.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The library, like many symbols signifies silence, thought and work. You would not walk into a library expecting to be served drinks, and to see people dancing on bookshelves. The library evokes an image of peacefulness, in which people are diligently working; yet a closer examination reveals the not so serene value of a library visit. The Saint Michael’s Library is not a mystery; it is like every other library in which I have even been. There are lots of books, computers and places for people to do work. There are round tables, square tables, rectangular tables, titled tables and flat tables. There are cubicles and small individual rooms known as ‘ masturbation closets’. The layout of the library is pretty standard and doesn’t need much explaining. There are three floors. The basement had one small room of books and the rest is study areas. The first floor is a mix of computer labs, books, magazines and more study areas. The third floor is mostly books and of course more places to study.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Leah and I walked through the... ...ry, it is easy to notice how people need different things, and require alternate ways of studying. You notice people’s emotions and how they react to their surroundings. Some people need silence, some need music, some need space, some need distraction and some people just do it to look good.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When a sociologist studies behavior their concentration is based upon the interaction the individual itself and how they interact within their surroundings. Through symbolic interactionalism you look at things and what they mean, and then determine the effects they have. There are many hand signs, both good and bad, that people exchange, as well as facial expressions in reaction to an event or statement that a symbolic interactionalist would look at. My observation period in the library allowed me to glimpse into the life of a sociologist. I realized that you could learn a lot about someone by just watching him or her. Their behavior is highly representative of the person they are; yet one cannot assume what specific reactions imply. Through the use of your sociological imagination you are able to gain a deeper understanding of behavior and how behavior is influenced by society.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚